Russia Economyhttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/Russia Economy explains growth, the ruble, energy, trade and public finances through sourced reporting, analysis and economic data tools.en-usRussia's August unsecured consumer lending accelerates as corporate credit growshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-bank-credit-deposit-update/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-bank-credit-deposit-update/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Banking & FinanceThe Bank of Russia's September 22 release shows faster unsecured consumer borrowing, continued corporate credit expansion and a small fall in household deposits.Russia's official dollar rate falls as October currency purchases increasehttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/ruble-official-rates-budget-rule-operations/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/ruble-official-rates-budget-rule-operations/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Ruble & Monetary PolicyThe ruble strengthened slightly between the official rates effective September 17 and October 17, while the budget-rule announcement set out larger planned currency purchases.Russia's August growth estimate shows expansion without an industrial reboundhttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-economic-activity-autumn-review/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-economic-activity-autumn-review/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300EconomyA September 30 ministry estimate points to modest GDP growth, while Rosstat's August production figures show why a broad recovery remains difficult to establish.Russian industry: manufacturing, defense output and import substitutionhttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-manufacturing-industry/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-manufacturing-industry/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Business & IndustryRussia's factories face very different demand and financing conditions. Rosstat's production data, civilian output and government targets answer different questions about industrial capacity.What Russia exports: energy, metals, grain and fertilizerhttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-major-exports/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-major-exports/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Trade & SanctionsEnergy remains central to Russia's export earnings, alongside metals, food and chemicals. Understanding the mix requires separating prices from quantities and customs from external accounts.Russia's labor market: low unemployment, labor shortages and wageshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-labor-market/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-labor-market/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300EconomyRussia's low unemployment rate can coexist with industrial weakness and uneven living standards. The explanation lies in labor supply, state demand and the limits of the headline measure.Russian government bonds (OFZ): how the state borrows at homehttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-government-bonds-ofz/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-government-bonds-ofz/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Markets & InvestmentRussia's domestic government bonds finance deficits and refinance maturing debt. Their pricing also shows how interest rates and fiscal policy meet.The Moscow Exchange explained: markets, settlement and investor accesshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/moscow-exchange-explained/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/moscow-exchange-explained/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Markets & InvestmentThe Moscow Exchange connects trading with clearing and custody, while sanctions and different account rules make access depend on more than a quoted market price.The digital ruble explained: what launched and how the rollout workshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/digital-ruble-explained/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/digital-ruble-explained/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Ruble & Monetary PolicyBroader digital-ruble access began in September 2026, but the legal timetable, voluntary use and later bank and retailer deadlines remain separate questions.Mir cards and the Faster Payments System: how payments work in Russiahttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-payment-systems-mir-sbp/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-payment-systems-mir-sbp/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Banking & FinanceMir, the Faster Payments System and SPFS perform different jobs, which explains how domestic payments continued after international card networks suspended operations.Russia's banking system: major lenders, deposits and financial riskshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-banking-system/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-banking-system/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 01:31:33 +0300Banking & FinanceRussia's banks connect household savings, corporate borrowing and state finance, while concentrated ownership and restricted international access shape the risks.EU targets Russian oil-trade and payment networks with new listingshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/eu-sanctions-russian-oil-trade-networks/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/eu-sanctions-russian-oil-trade-networks/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Trade & SanctionsThe October 15 measures name three people and nine entities; the Council says the targets helped move restricted goods, oil or payments through international networks.Russia's budget draft relies on borrowing and additional tax revenuehttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-budget-plans-borrowing-tax-revenue/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-budget-plans-borrowing-tax-revenue/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Budget & Public FinanceThe proposed 2027 to 2029 budget combines continued deficits with a fiscal-rule adjustment; the revenue assumptions and financing needs deserve separate scrutiny.Russia's rate hold puts inflation expectations and the budget in focushttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/bank-of-russia-rate-hold-inflation-risks/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/bank-of-russia-rate-hold-inflation-risks/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Ruble & Monetary PolicyThe Bank of Russia's September hold left the key rate at 14%; later price and expectations releases sharpen the questions before the scheduled October 23 meeting.Russia's economic crises: 1998, 2008, 2014, 2020 and 2022 comparedhttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-economic-crises-history/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-economic-crises-history/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300EconomyRussia's major shocks differed in origin, financing conditions and policy response; annual data reveal their timing but do not make them equivalent.Russia's National Wealth Fund: total assets, liquid reserves and useshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-national-wealth-fund/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-national-wealth-fund/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Budget & Public FinanceThe fund's headline size is not a cash balance; liquidity, valuation and the rules for using assets determine how much fiscal support it can provide.Russia and China: trade, energy and payments explainedhttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-china-economic-relations/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-china-economic-relations/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Trade & SanctionsChina is an important buyer and supplier for Russia, but trade totals, energy routes and settlement currencies reveal different kinds of dependence.How sanctions have affected Russia's economyhttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/sanctions-and-russias-economy/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/sanctions-and-russias-economy/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Trade & SanctionsSanctions restrict particular financial, trade and technology channels; judging their effects requires separating legal measures, adaptation costs and uncertain counterfactuals.Russia's inflation history: from the 1990s to 2026https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-inflation-history/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-inflation-history/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Ruble & Monetary PolicyRussia's price history includes market transition, currency crises and renewed inflation, but comparing those episodes requires the same index and the right endpoints.Russia's federal budget explained: revenue, spending and deficitshttps://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-federal-budget-explained/https://www.russiaeconomy.org/russia-federal-budget-explained/Sat, 17 Oct 2026 00:37:54 +0300Budget & Public FinanceRead the federal budget by separating tax receipts, spending commitments, financing and the assumptions behind each three-year plan.